Process Flow for the Preparation of Phytosterols

There will be a certain loss of phytosterols in the traditional oil processing process. In order to avoid the waste of natural resources, it needs to be extracted from the by-products of oil processing and used for other purposes. The deodorizer distillate (DD oil) generally contains 6% ~ 10% phytosterols, mainly in the form of free sterols, accounting for about 80% of the total sterols, and the acid oil is dominated by bound sterols. The content and form of phytosterol in raw materials are different, which determines the extraction process of phytosterol. In the phytosterol production industry, DD oil and residual oil are mainly used as raw materials, through acid-base esterification and crystallization methods; or acidic oil is used as raw material, through hydrolysis, acid-base esterification and crystallization methods. Phytosterols were extracted from DD oil for industrial production, and the production process was as follows: DD oil → esterification → cold precipitation → alcohol washing and refining → phytosterols. The refining of phytosterol mainly includes two processes of beating and hot dissolving, beating is generally carried out in two times, but due to the reasons of phytosterol transportation, in order to reduce the labor intensity of workers, many factories adopt a beating method, the ratio of phytosterol and ethanol is 1: 10. Hot dissolution is the use of phytosterol insoluble in cold ethanol and soluble in hot ethanol characteristics to achieve the separation of phytosterol and methyl esters and other impurities. Because the content of phytosterols in the acid oil is not as high as that in DD oil, and the combined sterols are the main method, the current acid oil to produce phytosterols is to convert the combined sterols into free sterols by high-pressure hydrolysis, and the rest of the process is the same as that of DD oil extraction. The phytosterol was extracted from the acid oil, and the total sterol and free sterol content in each process of acid oil hydrolysis were shown in the table.

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Because of its chemical structure, phytosterols have great application value in medicine.

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Phytosterols and phytostanols

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Regulatory changes in the use of sterol esters

The safety of phytosterol esters has been recognized by many countries and regions in the world, including China. In 1999, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the addition of plant sterols and esters of food can use the "good health" label. In 2000, the U.S. FDA issued a health bulletin stating: "Phytosterols and esters, phytostanols and esters, can help reduce the risk of coronary heart disease by lowering blood cholesterol levels. Daily dietary intake of 1.3g phytosterols or 3.4g phytostanols can significantly lower cholesterol". In February 2003, the US FDA approved the company's health claim that phytosterols are beneficial to heart health, officially giving phytosterols "legal status" to the market ". In 1999, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Japan also approved phytosterols, phytosterol esters, phytostanol esters, and phytostanol esters as functional additives for specific special health food FOSHU for regulating blood lipids. In 2004, the European Commission approved the use of phytosterols and phytosterol esters in several specific food products, such as butter spreads, milk products and yogurt products. In February 2007, the UK Food Standards Agency granted approval for phytosterol health ingredients while complying with the new EU food regulations. In 2010, China allowed phytosterols and phytosterol esters to be added to food as new resource foods (the People's Republic of China Ministry of Health Food Safety Comprehensive Coordination and Health Supervision Bureau, 2010 No. 3 New Resource Food Announcement

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Phytosterol ester Properties

Phytosterol esters are generally prepared by esterification or transesterification of phytosterols with fatty acids. Since there are many kinds of sterols and fatty acids that can be used to produce phytosterol esters, a variety of phytosterol esters with different physical and chemical properties can be obtained. The three main phytosterol esters are β-sitosterol esters, stigmasterol esters, and campesterol esters. Sterol esters can be converted into sterols and fatty acids in the human body, so their physiological functions include the physiological functions of phytosterols and fatty acids. They have the same effect of reducing plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as free phytosterols, and even better in some aspects. The use of phytosterols in the form of crystals has the following two problems. On the one hand, the solubility and bioavailability of the crystalline form in the human body are relatively poor, thus leading to high doses in the treatment of hyperlipidemia and the resulting hyperphytosterolemia, I .e., a significant increase in the concentration of phytosterols in the serum. On the other hand, the solubility of phytosterols in oil is very small, which makes it difficult to use them in foods. Phytosterols have significant hypolipidemic function, which has been confirmed by a large number of studies. However, phytosterols are insoluble in water and have a rather limited solubility in the oil phase, which limits their use. For many years, attempts have been made to modify phytosterols in order to expand their range of applications. Since the early 1990 s, foreign countries have begun to explore the application of phytosterols, and have developed a variety of phytosterol products through purification and modification. Esterification of phytosterols into sterol esters is one of the important modification methods. The esterification product of sterol ester as a hypolipidemic factor can be widely used in margarine, spread oil and ice cream and other products, while reducing the use of emulsifiers. Phytosterol esters can be added to most foods to improve the nutritional value without affecting the original texture of the food, which greatly expands the scope of application of phytosterol esters. In order to facilitate the application in food processing, it is required to change the form of phytosterol without affecting the physiological function of phytosterol. The phytosterol fatty acid ester meets this requirement, which greatly improves the fat solubility of phytosterols, so that it can be added to oil-containing foods. Phytosterol esters are absorbed by the hydrolysis of pancreatic cholesterol lipase into free sterols, which is the only difference in metabolism between free sterols and ester sterols. Therefore, phytosterol esters also have the physiological functions of phytosterols.

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What is Brassinolide

In 1979, American scholars harvested 227kg of rape pollen by bee collection, and obtained 4mg of brassinosteroid after separation and purification. Through instrumental analysis, it was determined that its chemical structure belonged to sterolide. Therefore, it was named brassinosteroid, also known as brassinosteroid (brassinolide, bl for short). The stereostructural formula of brassinosteroid was analyzed by mass spectrometry, infrared and X-ray crystals. Its chemical names were 2a,3a,22a,23a-4 Hydroxy-24a Methyl-B-homo-7-oxo-5a-cholesten-6 one. So far, about 70 natural brassinolide compounds have been found and synthesized as brassinosteroids. (brssinosteroid,br)br is widely found in plants. Because their functions are similar to bl, br has become a synonym for brassinosteroids, and bl is a highly active molecule among brassinosteroids. In 1998, the 13th International Annual Meeting of Plant Growth Substances was officially recognized as the sixth class of plant hormones. The effects of brassinolide on plant growth and development include: promoting seed germination (and promoting cell expansion and cell division in stems and leaves; both promoting and inhibiting root growth; promoting xylem differentiation during duct development; and also an essential component for pollen tube growth. In crop resistance, disease prevention, repair of fruit tree degradation function, reduce the heavy metal content of plants, improve the growth function of crops in saline soil, etc.

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Sterols are divided into which three categories?

There are three types of sterols. Sterols are derivatives of cyclopentane polyhydrophenanthrene, also known as steroids, which are lipids, mainly cholesterol, steroid hormones and bile acids. Sterol (English: sterol), also known as sterol, is a class of steroids, containing hydroxyl steroids. They are all based on cyclopentane polyhydrophenanthrene as the basic structure, and contain hydroxyl groups, so called sterols. Using alkaline solution to extract lipids in animal and plant tissues, there are often many different substances that cannot be saponified by alkali. There are many kinds of sterols, which are widely distributed in the biological world. For example, cholesterol is an important component of higher animal cells. Cholesterol esters formed with long-chain fatty acids are important components of plasma lipoproteins and cell membranes. Plant cell membranes contain other sterols such as stigmasterol and sitosterol. Fungi and yeasts contain sterols. A class of cyclopentane polyhydrophenanthrene derivatives formed by the condensation of three hexane rings and one cyclopentane. In addition to the lack of bacteria, widely present in the cells and tissues of animals and plants. Sterols have a variety of different biological functions, such as being a component of cell membranes and constituting adrenal cortical hormones and sex hormones. Many plant sterols also have strong pharmacological or toxicological effects, such as digitalis and ouabain can enhance myocardial contraction, is a good medicine for the treatment of heart failure. Plants contain beta-sitosterol and yeast contain ergosterol. Steroids in animals are rich in cholesterol, which can be converted into sterol hormones-progesterone, estradiol, testosterone, cortisol and aldosterone in the body. Many contraceptives are progesterone derivatives; some testosterone analogs are promoters of protein biosynthesis in the body. 7-Dehydrocholesterol in the skin by ultraviolet radiation can be converted into vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), the latter in the body can be converted to regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism of hormone -1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Ecdysone, which causes insect molting, and brown toxin against staphylococci are also sterols. The frog toxin secreted by the Columbian poison arrow frog (Phyllobates aurotaenia) can block the transmission of nerve impulses between neuromuscular muscles in trace amounts. The final metabolic product of cholesterol in the body is bile acids, while other sterols are biotransformed to increase their polarity and excreted from the body.

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What are the application scenarios of plant sterol esters?

Phytosterol esters have a wide range of applications, including but not limited to the following: Food industry: Phytosterol esters are widely added to dairy products, vegetable butter, cereals, bakery products, sausages, vegetable oils, fruit juices and other foods. As the demand for healthy food increases, this market is expected to continue to grow. Pharmaceutical industry: phytosterol esters are also widely used in the field of medicine, with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and other effects, can be used to prevent and treat a variety of diseases. Cosmetics industry: phytosterol esters have moisturizing, moisturizing and antioxidant effects, so they can be used in skin care products, such as creams, lotions, etc. Health products industry: Phytosterol esters are widely used in functional foods and health products, such as soft capsules, tablets, energy bars and other products. Other fields: plant sterol ester can also be used in cosmetics, toiletries, feed and other fields. In general, phytosterol esters, as compounds with a variety of physiological functions, have been widely used in food, medicine, cosmetics and other fields. However, the specific application and dosage of phytosterol esters are still under the guidance of a physician.

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What are the physiological functions of phytosterol esters?

Phytosterol esters have a variety of physiological functions, including but not limited to the following: Antioxidant effect: phytosterol esters have high content in plant cells and have good antioxidant effect, which can effectively prevent plant cells from oxidative damage. Antibacterial function: Phytosterol ester has antibacterial function, which can effectively inhibit the growth of bacteria, thereby preventing the formation and spread of pathogens. Antiviral function: phytosterol ester can inhibit the reproduction of the virus, thereby effectively preventing the disease caused by the virus. Anti-inflammatory effect: phytosterol ester can promote the rapid healing of the wound surface, and also has a certain relief effect on inflammation. Regulate immune function: phytosterol esters can promote the development and operation of the body's immune system, thereby helping the body to resist the invasion of bacteria and viruses. Improve skin quality: Phytosterol esters can improve skin quality, reduce skin pigmentation, increase skin elasticity, and reduce the production of wrinkles. In addition, phytosterol esters can also help relieve joint pain and inflammation and improve joint function. Cholesterol reduction: Plant sterol esters can reduce serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, thereby reducing blood lipids. Anti-platelet aggregation: phytosterol esters can inhibit platelet aggregation and are commonly used in clinical prevention and treatment of cerebral thrombosis, myocardial infarction and other diseases. Increase capillary circulation: phytosterol esters are mainly extracted from plants, and proper use can increase capillary blood circulation, which is good for health. It should be noted that although phytosterol esters are natural plant ingredients, they still need to be used under the guidance of a doctor to avoid adverse reactions. At the same time, it is also very important to maintain good living habits, maintain adequate sleep and avoid staying up late.

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Sterol Ester Finished Products

Phytosterol esters are generally prepared from phytosterols and fatty acids through esterification or transesterification, and their physiological functions include the physiological functions of phytosterols and fatty acids, and have the same effect of reducing plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as free phytosterols, and in some aspects even better. Phytosterols are widely found in plant roots, stems, leaves, fruits and seeds, and are an integral part of plant cell membranes. Phytosterol esters as hypolipidemic factors can be widely used in margarine, spread oil and ice cream products, while reducing the use of emulsifiers. In addition, phytosterols have significant hypolipidemic function, which can inhibit the digestion and absorption of cholesterol, promote the dissolution and metabolism of cholesterol, and inhibit the biochemical production of cholesterol. Phytosterols can also play a role in inhibiting skin inflammation, promoting skin metabolism, anti-oxidation, hair growth and so on. For more information on the finished sterol esters, it is recommended to consult a professional doctor or the literature.

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